The current values of safety indicators are functions of the current values of indicators of the state of chemical production, which is due to the fundamental physical nature of safety [1]. Today, forecasting of safety indicators is carried out by tools, which are overwhelmingly based on the simplifying assumption that the current values of the state of chemical production correspond to normal situations. How justified is this assumption, given that production management is not only regular situations? In practice, the operation process is most often an abnormal situation due to deviations. Online monitoring of precursors such as "going beyond the norms of the technological regime"/"equipment failure" is already underway (being established), but the situation is different for" dangerous actions and conditions." Sometimes the algorithms of operational procedures are not formalized, which leads to ambiguity in determining the staffing situation, and online monitoring of deviations, as a rule, is absent. It follows that at present, the key to improving the reliability of operational safety forecasts is to understand operational procedure algorithms. The presented work proposes approaches and tools for optimizing standard operating procedures in order to increase the efficiency of managing the safety risks of chemical plants [2].

Currently, one of the most effective factors for improving the quality and reducing the cost of emergency rescue equipment is associated with the use of digital twin technologies. The article discusses an approach to assessing the quality of digital twins of emergency rescue equipment. It will allow for the reasonable development of digital twins of emergency rescue equipment and will contribute to increasing the efficiency of its use in emergency situations.

The article considers the problem of safety of participants in operations to localize and eliminate large forest fires. The relevance of the topic is due to the high risks faced by firefighters and volunteers working in conditions of intense forest fires and adverse atmospheric phenomena. A new approach to preliminary assessment of individual risk associated with exposure to carbon monoxide, which in colossal quantities is released into the atmosphere during the combustion of forest phytocenoses, is presented.

A methodology for calculating the concentration of carbon monoxide at a given point, based on the forest hydrological characteristics of the burning forest and atmospheric stability classes, is proposed. This approach allows for more accurate prediction of possible threats to the health and safety of people involved in the localization and elimination of forest fires. As a result of the analysis and generalization of the data obtained, the main factors influencing individual risk are identified, and recommendations for its reduction are formulated.

The proposed measures are aimed at protecting the health of firefighters and volunteers involved in localizing and extinguishing forest fires, which will increase the efficiency and safety of these operational activities.

The paper discusses Markov models of attacks on the information system, which are based on the interpretation of the threat of an attack by a parallel vulnerability backup scheme. These models are suitable for describing attacks on any information or physical systems and allow you to evaluate each attack step according to certain criteria. The article discusses this process for analyzing the information flows of a commercial bank, taking into account the types of attacks specific to this institution.

A feature of innovative projects is a significant amount of uncertainty at the stage of formation and development and a set of risk factors characteristic of the project being implemented. These uncertainties and risks determine the possible deviation of the project results from the planned indicators. By their nature, risks and uncertainties are related to random variables, each of which is characterized by its own distribution and parameters. Taking into account these characteristics of input variables makes it possible, using mathematical methods for processing random variables, to determine output results in financial models of industrial projects that take into account the main risk and uncertainty factors. This study presents the results of using well-known mathematical methods and characteristics of random input variables in financial planning systems.

The peculiarity of such planning is taken into account by the "Project-Risk" program specially developed this purpose. To determine the distributions of random variables, the program uses the “ModelRisk” for add-in, which allows it to obtain the necessary characteristics of the input random variables. The "Solution Search" add-in is used to solve the optimization problems of the planned parameters.

As one of the possible options for optimizing the project, an algorithm for product planning is considered with the determination of the profit/risk ratio, which allows, by varying the initial data, to achieve the required values of its output characteristics. The results of the planned project can be presented on the "time–profit" plane, taking into account the probability of reaching certain areas of this diagram.

The modern human environment is becoming more dynamic and uncertain from year to year. "Black swans" (unexpected events) arise with frightening frequency, as a result of which the uncertainty factor is already becoming part of the routine of human life. Accordingly, the risks generated by uncertainty become an almost daily environment for human functioning. Today, risky decisions are gradually moving into existential skills, that is, we see that the quality of life of an individual depends on the ability to make risky decisions. There is a need to form risk-oriented thinking, which, on the one hand, depends on personality traits and his emotional intelligence, and on the other, can be developed by scientific risk management techniques. Uncertainty, in turn, creates risks that a person needs to deal with and be able to minimize them, but above all, it is important to be able to identify them.