Industry 4.0: Risk Management of Nitrogen Fertilizers

New, innovative developments for nitrogen management in the era of Industry 4.0: progress, opportunities and challenges for agricultural farming, are based on the Industry 4.0 ideology and solving a number of pressing problems, including:
1. Nitrogen is an important but generally scarce nutrient for biological systems. However, the massive use of industrial nitrogen fertilizers has doubled N flows in its global biogeochemical cycle, transforming it into an agrogeochemical cycle, with many environmental consequences.
2. Reviews current advances and challenges related to nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in agriculture and identifying research opportunities in nitrogen agrogeochemistry, soil cycling, and agronomy to achieve sustainable N use in agriculture.
3. As an environmental indicator, NUE assessments can help farmers assess the risk of N losses on farms or fields. This may also be useful for regional or supply chain assessments. The technology of fractional fertilization can significantly reduce nitrogen losses.
4. It is necessary to assess the nitrogen-mineralizing capacity of the soil as a basic indicator to assess the nitrogen demand of crops during the growing season.
5. Next generation computing platforms can study complex N interactions in crop systems to inform management, identify research priorities, and improve understanding of complexities. These computational frameworks include statistical models, process-based mechanistic modeling models, and hybrids thereof.
6. Such decision support tools examine all aspects of N at the soil-crop interface: from gene expression, crop physiology and phenology to soil processes and behavior prediction. Precision agriculture based on the use of electronic counterparts of agronomic and agrochemical processes as Industry 4.0.

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