<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">proanaris</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Проблемы анализа риска</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Issues of Risk Analysis</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1812-5220</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-7882</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ФГБУ ВНИИ ГОЧС (ФЦ)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32686/1812-5220-2022-19-1-64-74</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">proanaris-564</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>УПРАВЛЕНИЕ КЛИМАТИЧЕСКИМ РИСКОМ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Роль финансовых инструментов в решении глобального климатического кризиса</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Role of Financial Instruments in Solving the Global Climate Crisis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Турек</surname><given-names>Мариан</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Turek</surname><given-names>Marian</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гданьск, Аллея Грюнвальдская, д. 238A, 80-266</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marian Turek, professor, habilitated doctor</p><p>Aleja Grunwaldzka 238A, 80-266, Gdańsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mturek@wsb.gda.pl</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет WSB в Гданьске</institution><country>Польша</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>WSB University in Gdańsk</institution><country>Poland</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>02</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>64</fpage><lpage>74</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Турек М., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Турек М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Turek M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.risk-journal.com/jour/article/view/564">https://www.risk-journal.com/jour/article/view/564</self-uri><abstract><p>Несмотря на накопление научных данных об антропогенной роли в глобальном потеплении, реакция в плане международных действий остается довольно разочаровывающей. Киотский протокол не смог скоординировать международные усилия, направленные на снижение социальных издержек в связи с ограничениями по выбросам углекислого газа и продемонстрировал внутреннюю нестабильность любых международных усилий, которые не воспринимают всерьез проблему «свободного гонщика». Любое международное соглашение должно отвечать трем критериям: экономическая эффективность, стимулы для выполнения обязательств и справедливость. Эффективность возможна только в том случае, если все страны применяют одинаковую цену на углерод. Поощрение может повлечь за собой некоторую гибкость в отношении «бесплатной езды». Справедливость — концепция, определение которой различается в зависимости от заинтересованных сторон, может быть достигнута за счет переноса фиксированных ставок. Стратегия добровольного сокращения выбросов углерода, как, например, стратегия, принятая ключевыми странами, является еще одним примером решения отложить принятие четких обязательств, в то же время уделяя недостаточное внимание имеющимся финансовым инструментам.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Despite the accumulation of scientific evidence for an anthropogenic role in global warming, the response in terms of international action remains rather disappointing. The Kyoto Protocol failed to create an international coalition in favour of a carbon price in relation to its social cost and served to illustrate the intrinsic instability of any international effort which does not take the “free-rider” problem seriously. Any international agreement must meet three criteria: economic efficiency, incentives to meet commitments and equity. Efficiency is only possible if all countries apply the same carbon price. An incentive may entail offering some flexibility regarding “free riding.” Equity, a concept whose definition differs depending on the stakeholders involved, can be achieved through flat-rate transfers. The strategy of a voluntary reduction of carbon emissions, such as that adopted by key countries, is a further example of choosing to postpone clear commitment, while, in the meantime, paying insufficient attention to the financial instruments available.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>глобальный климатический кризис</kwd><kwd>проблема «свободного гонщика»</kwd><kwd>финансовые инструменты</kwd><kwd>управление рисками</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>global climate crisis</kwd><kwd>free-rider problem</kwd><kwd>financial instruments</kwd><kwd>risk management</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Donahue, John D., and Joseph S. Nye, eds. Market-Based Governance: Supply Side, Demand Side, Upside, and Downside. Brookings Institution Press, 2002. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7864/j.ctvc16p58</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Donahue, John D., and Joseph S. Nye, eds. Market-Based Governance: Supply Side, Demand Side, Upside, and Downside. Brookings Institution Press, 2002. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7864/j.ctvc16p58</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ellerman D., D. Harrison, P. Joskow, Emissions Trading in the US Experience, Lessons and Considerations for Greenhouse Gases, Pew Center on Global Climate Change, 2003. Washington</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ellerman D., D. Harrison, P. Joskow, Emissions Trading in the US Experience, Lessons and Considerations for Greenhouse Gases, Pew Center on Global Climate Change, 2003. Washington</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gates B., How to Avoid a Climate Disaster. Random House, 2021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gates B., How to Avoid a Climate Disaster. Random House, 2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nordhaus, William. 2015. "Climate Clubs: Overcoming Free-Riding in International Climate Policy." American Economic Review, 105(4):1339-70. DOI: 10.1257/aer.15000001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nordhaus, William. 2015. "Climate Clubs: Overcoming Free-Riding in International Climate Policy." American Economic Review, 105(4):1339-70. DOI: 10.1257/aer.15000001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action (Political Economy of Institutions and Decisions). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511807763</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action (Political Economy of Institutions and Decisions). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511807763</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pigou A.C. The Economics of Welfare. Macmillan, London, 1934, p. 25.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pigou A.C. The Economics of Welfare. Macmillan, London, 1934, p. 25.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stiglitz J., T.N. Tucker, G. Zucman, The Starving State. Why Capitalism’s Salvation Depends on Taxation. Foreign Affairs, January/February, 2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stiglitz J., T.N. Tucker, G. Zucman, The Starving State. Why Capitalism’s Salvation Depends on Taxation. Foreign Affairs, January/February, 2020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tietenberg, T. (2006). Emissions Trading: Principles and Practice (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781936331284</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tietenberg, T. (2006). Emissions Trading: Principles and Practice (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781936331284</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
